CIPA Resource Links

91´«Ã½

The 91´«Ã½ v. the United States of America

Useful Sources

Based on a document prepared by Nancy Kranich

Chair, 91´«Ã½ Intellectual Freedom Committee

Last revised March 19, 2004

Reports & Publications | Guides to Cyberspace for Parents and Children

Reports and Publications

  • Two studies commissioned by Congress, , a report published in May 2002 by the National Research Council, and the (COPA), presented to Congress, October 20, 2000, found that the most effective and least intrusive way to protect our children from objectionable material on the Internet is through online information resources and family education programs.

  • Colorado State Library ,
  • Galecia Group,
  • 2001. "Filtering Software for Kids - Can Ypu Rely on These Digital Chaperones to Shield Your Kids When They Go Online? Our Tests of Leading Software Aren't Very Encouraging". Consumer Reports. 20.
  • American Civil Liberties Union, . (New York: ACLU, March 17, 1997).
  • Association for Library Service to Children, " Intellectual Freedom for Children: The Censor is Coming," (Chicago, IL: 91´«Ã½, Association for Library Service to Children, 2000).
  • Auld, H. 2003. "Filters Work: Get Over It A Virginia Library System Opts for Filtered Internet Access and Makes a Believer Out of One Skeptic". American Libraries. 34: 38-42.
  • Ayre, Lori Bowen. Internet Filtering Options Analysis: An Interim Report. [S.l.]: InFoPeople Project, 2001.
  • Ayre, Lori Bowen, . libraryfiltering.org, 2005.
  • Bocher, B. 2003. "A CIPA Toolkit". Library Journal -New York-. 128: 36-37.
  • Bocher, Bob, " ," Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, (February 2004).
  • Braun, Linda W. Introducing the Internet to Young Learners: Ready-to-Go Activities and Lesson Plans. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2001.
  • Center for Democracy and Technology, " " (Version 1.0) (Washington, D.C., Center for Democracy and Technology, January 2004).
  • Chmara, T. 2001. "Privacy and Confidentiality Issues in Providing Public Access to the Internet". Library Administration and Management. 15: 20-22.
  • Colorado State Library, .
  • Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, , (Palo Alto, CA: CPSR, 2001).
  • Consortium for School Networking, , (Washington, DC: CoSN, May 2003).
  • Corn-Revere, Robert, " ," Cato Supreme Court Review, (2002-2003): 105-130.
  • Curry, Ann, and Ken Haycock. 2001. "Filtered or Unfiltered?" School Library Journal. 47, no. 1: 42-47.
  • Edelman, Ben, . (Cambridge, MA: Ben Edelman, 2002).
  • Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), , (Washington, DC: EPIC, December 1997).
  • Finkelstein, Seth, April 11, 2003.
  • Free Expression Policy Project, , (New York: Free Expression Policy Project, July 2003).
  • The Galicia Group, " ."
  • Gardner, C. 2001. "School Libraries and Filtering". Library Administration and Management. 15: 23-25.
  • Heins, Marjorie, " ," (New York: Free Expression Policy Project, National Coalition Against Censorship, 2001).
  • Heins, Marjorie and Christina Cho, , (New York: Free Expression Policy Project, 2nd edition, 2006).
  • Heins, Marjorie. Not in Front of the Children: "Indecency," Censorship and the Innocence of Youth. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001.
  • Hensley, Thomas R. The Boundaries of Freedom of Expression & Order in American Democracy. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2001.
  • Hunter, Christoper D., Filtering the Future?: Software filters, Porn, PICS, and the Internet Content Conundrum (PDF), Master's Degree Thesis (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsyvlania, Annenberg School for Communication, 1999).
  • " (PDF)," (Chicago, IL: Illinois Library Association, February 2000).
  • Jaeger, Paul T. and Charles R. McClure, " ," First Monday, vol. 9, #2, (February 2004).
  • Jost, Kenneth. Libraries and the Internet: Are Filters Needed to Block Pornography? CQ researcher, 2001, vol. 11, no. 21. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 2001.
  • Junion-Metz, Gail. Coaching Kids for the Internet: A Guide for Librarians, Teachers, and Parents. Internet workshop series, no. 9. Berkeley, Calif: Library Solutions Press, 2000.
  • Kaiser Family Foundation, , (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, December 2001).
  • Kranich, Nancy, " (PDF)," Media Studies Journal, (Fall 2000): 42-45; Adobe Reader pps. 53-56.
  • Kranich, Nancy. 2001. "Departments - 91´«Ã½ President's Message - "Libraries, Democracy, and Online Access". American Libraries. 32, no. 5: 7.
  • Kranich, Nancy, " Why Filters Won't Protect Children or Adults," Library Administration and Management, vol. 17, #4, (Winter 2003): 29-35.
  • Kranich, Nancy C. Libraries & Democracy: The Cornerstones of Liberty. Chicago: 91´«Ã½, 2001.
  • Maxwell, Nancy Kalikow. Alternatives to Filters. Library technology reports, v. 37, no. 2. Chicago, IL: 91´«Ã½ TechSource, 2001.
  • Minow, Mary, " ," firstmonday.org, April 2004
  • Morgan, C. 2001. "Liability for Obscenity and Pornography in Providing Internet Access in the Library". Library Administration and Management. 15: 17-19.
  • The National Coalition Against Censorship, , (New York: NCAC, 1999).
  • National Research Council, " ." (Washington, DC: National Research Council, 2001).
  • Nunberg, Geoffrey, " ," The American Prospect, 12, #1, (January 1-15, 2001: 28-33).
  • Online Policy Group and the Electronic Freedom Foundation, (PDF), (San Francisco, CA: Online Policy Group, June 2003).
  • Richardson, Caroline and Paul Resnick, " ," (study conducted for the Kaiser Family Foundation), Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 288, #22: (December 11, 2002): 2887-2894.
  • Schneider, Karen G. A Practical Guide to Internet Filters. Neal-Schuman netguide series. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1997.
  • Smith, Mark. Managing the Internet Controversy. Neal-Schuman netguide series. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2001.
  • Smith, Mark. Neal-Schuman Internet Policy Handbook for Libraries. Neal-Schuman netguide series. New York: Neal-Schuman, 1999.
  • Sobel, David, " (PDF)," First Amendment Center First Reports, vol. 4, #2, (October 2003).
  • Trevor Hall, R., and Ed Carter. 2006. "Examining the Constitutionality of Internet Filtering in Public Schools: a US Perspective". Education and the Law. 18, no. 4: 227-245.
  • Turow, Joseph, and Lilach Nir. The Internet and the Family 2000: The View from Parents, the View from Kids. Philadelphia: Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania, 2000.
  • U.S. Children's Online Protection Act Commission, , October 20, 2000, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000).
  • U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration. . August 2003.
  • Wallace, Jonathan D., and Mark Mangan. Sex, Laws, and Cyberspace. New York: M&T Books, 1996.
  • WebJunction. . Last updated in 2007.
  • Weissman, Sara, " Filters: A Checklist for Product Selection,"; Public Libraries, vol. 42, #5, (September/October 2003): 279.
  • Willard, Nancy E. Computer Ethics, Etiquette & Safety: For the 21st-Century Student. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education, 2002.
  • Willard, Nancy, " ," Education Week, vol. 21, #28, (March 27, 2002): 36, 39.
  • Willard, Nancy E. Filtering Software: The Religious Connection. Eugene, OR: Center for Advanced Technology in Education, University of Oregon, 2002.

Guides to Cyberspace for Parents and Children

  • 91´«Ã½/American Association for School Libraries, To Filter or Not: The Pros and Cons of Using Parental Control Software
  • 91´«Ã½/Association for Library Service to Children, Great Web Sites for Kids
  • Children's Partnership, , (Santa Monica, CA: The Children's Partnership, 2006)
  • Children's Partnership, , [available in English, Spanish and Italian] (Santa Monica, CA: The Children's Partnership, 1998)
  • , this site is a project of the Internet Education Foundation that provides many resources for families including guidelines and links to educational and entertaining Internet sites appropriate for kids.


  • NetSafeKids provides practical information and tips on types and sources of sexually explicit content, ways that inappropriate material can reach children and teens, the threat of cyberstalking, the pros and cons of filtering and monitoring tools, and other issues involving Internet safety.


  • NetSmartz is an Internet safety resource from the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children and the Boys & Girls Clubs of America that uses the latest technology to create high-impact educational activities for even the most tech-savvy kids of any age group.
  • , Internet safety and civility advice and tools.
  • , (Ccomparitech, April 2016).
  • , Microsoft and Boys and Girls of America created a 15-minute kid-friendly animated program to help children make smart choices about the use of Internet chat rooms, e-mail and online behavior. Hosted by Shaquille O’Neal.
  • U. S Department of Justice,

    The Department of Justice Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section's Chief, Martha Stansell-Gamm wrote this article that was published by Newsweek regarding the need for parents to find out what their children are doing online and to teach their children how to be good citizens on the NET.(Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, 2003)
  • Yahooligans, , (Sunnyvale, CA: Yahoo)

Links to non-91´«Ã½ sites have been provided because these sites may have information of interest. Neither the 91´«Ã½ nor the Office for Intellectual Freedom necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on these sites; and furthermore, 91´«Ã½ and OIF do not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on these sites.